Professor Emeritus Dr. Sohei Kondo of Osaka U., and Kinki U., reports (1993, Section 4.3) that: "After removing 62 cases of malignancies known to have been induced by internally deposited radium the remaining 1261 cases were classified into three subgroups by the absorbed dose of radium gamma. No dose-dependent increase in deaths from various cancers was seen among the three groups exposed to mean doses of 2.9, 23 and 91 rad by chronic gamma irradiation."

Dr. Robert Rowland, former director of the Center for Human Radiobiology at Argonne National Laboratory, discusses (1997) other dial painter cancers: "Radium-induced leukemias have not been seen in excess of expected numbers in radium cases. The number of multiple myeloma cases is too small for any decision. Dial painters at some sites had clear excesses of breast cancer, while at other sites the numbers observed were considerably lower than expected. In addition, external radiation to the breast tissue from the radium in the paint being used could have delivered a significant dose to the breast, and thus might be the cause of some of the breast malignancies."