| Chapter 1.
Comparison of the Acute Effects of the Hiroshima Nagasaki Atomic Bombings and of the
Chernobyl Reactor Accident 1.1 Immense difference in the casualty rate after
the Hiroshima Nagasaki atomic bombings and the Chernobyl reactor accident
1.2 Acute symptoms of radiation injury after the Chernobyl
accident and after the atomic bombings
1.3 Health effects on Japanese fishermen of radioactive
fall-out from the Bikini hydrogen bomb
Chapter 2. Radioactive Fall-out from the
Chernobyl Accident, Risk Assessment and the Aftermaths
2.1 Temporal changes in whole-body radioactivity in Hungary due to fall-out from the
Chernobyl accident
2.2 Radio-contamination maps and assessment of risk for
inhabitants in areas highly contaminated by fall-out from the Chernobyl nuclear reactor
accident
2.3 Health effects of the fear of radiation accidents
Chapter 3. Results of Health Surveys of Atomic Bomb Survivors Exposed to
Low Doses of Radiation
3.1 Apparently beneficial effects of atomic bomb radiation on life span
3.2 Apparently beneficial effects of low doses of atomic bomb radiation with regard to
induction of cancer
3.3 Teratogenic effects of atomic bomb radiation
- 3.3.1 Small head size
- 3.3.2 Mental retardation
3.4 Genetic effects of atomic bomb radiation
- 3.4.1 Untoward pregnancy outcomes
- 3.4.2 Deaths of liveborn children
- 3.4.3 Chromosomal abnormalities
- 3.4.4 Mutations resulting in altered electrophoretic mobility of blood proteins
- 3.4.5 Incidence of cancer in the offspring of atomic bomb survivors
- 3.4.6 Calculation of the doubling dose
3.5 Difference in quality of radiation in the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and on
Nagasaki
- 3.5.1 Physical dosimetry of atomic bomb radiation
- 3.5.2 Biological dosimetry of atomic bomb radiation
Chapter 4. Results of Health Surveys of Populations Exposed to Low-Level
Radiation
4.1 Results of health surveys of residents of areas with high background radiation
- 4.1.1 Annual doses in the high-background and control areas of radiation
- 4.1.2 Cancer mortality is lower in areas of high background radiation than in control
areas
- 4.1.3 Nodular thyroid diseases after exposure to about 10 rad of excess natural gamma
rays
4.2 Health effects of natural radon
- 4.2.1 Negative correlation between lung cancer rates and indoor radon levels in the USA
- 4.2.2 Negative association between lung cancer rates and indoor radon levels in
- 4.2.3 Downward trend in cancer risk with increase in home radon levels in China
- 4.2.4 Health-stimulating effects of natural radon in Japan
- 4.2.5 Health-stimulating effects of natural radon in Austria and the USA
4.3 Apparently beneficial effects of low doses of external gamma rays on the life span
of radium-dial painters
4.4 Low mortality rates of plutonium-exposed workers on the Manhattan Project
Chapter 5. Empirical Rules for Radiation-induced Teratogenesis and
Defense Mechanisms against Teratogenic Injury
5.1 Characteristics of radiation-induced teratogenesis in mice and humans
- 5.1.1 Developmental stage-dependence of radiation teratogenesis
- 5.1.2 Threshold effects in radiation teratogenesis
5.2 Defense mechanisms against radiation-induced teratogenic injury
- 5.2.1 Comparison of DNA repair and cell-replacement repair
- (a) Cell-replacement repair in D. melanogaster
- (b) Cell-replacement repair in the mouse
- 5.2.2 Programmed cell death involved in radiation hypersensitivity and teratogenesis
- 5.2.3 Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 6. Mechanisms of Radiation Carcinogenesis in Humans in Relation
to Problems of Threshold
6.1 The Mystery of Tumorigenic Mutations
- 6.1.1 Stem-cell mutation hypothesis based on mutation rates of erythrocytes in bomb
survivors
- 6.1.2 Assessment of the stem-cell mutation hypothesis using data on leukemia in bomb
survivors
- (a) Dose-response relationships for leukemia incidences
- (b) Differential changes in susceptibility of bomb survivors to ALL, CML and AML with
age at exposure to bomb radiation
- (c) Evidence against the simple stem-cell mutation hypothesis
- 6.1.3 Colorectal tumors caused by multiple mutations
- (a) Tumorigenic mutations occur time dependently at extraordinarily high rates
- (b) Colorectal tumorigenesis by multiple mutations
- i) Genetic model of colorectal tumorigenesis
- ii) Mutations in the APC gene
- iii) Dominant mutations in ras oncogene
- iv) Mutations in p53 and DCC genes in relation to losses of hetrozygosity
- 6.1.4 High cancer rate in patients with germ-line p53 mutations
- 6.1.5 Adaptive mutations in evolution and carcinogenesis
- (a) Common features of macro-evolution and carcinogenesis
- (b) Adaptive mutations in Escherichia coli in stationary phase
- (c) Molecular selection model for adaptive mutagenesis
- (d) Leukemogenic chromosomal rearrangements due to DNA recombination errors
- (e) Adaptive mutations in human carcinogenesis
- (i) ras Mutation
- (ii) Reversion of double mutations in E. coli
- (iii) APC mutations
- (iv) High mutability of transcribed DNA strands
- (v) Point mutations in the p53 gene
6.2 Cancer as a Problem of Cell Society
- 6.2.1 Evolution of neoplams by cellular adaptation to a new environment
- (a) Oncogenes involved in the process of cellular adaptation to environmental change
- (b) Progression of tumors by the arrest of programmed cell death
- (c)Tumor suppressor genes Rb and p53 involved in regulation of cell cycling
- 6.2.2 Increased tumor susceptibility in aged people
- (a) Senescent cells versus cancer cells
- (b)Decline in systemic defenses against cancer with increasing age
- 6.2.3 Wound-healing error hypothesis for radiation carcinogenesis
- (a) Cellular responses to injury
- (b) Dose response curves for tumors in patients treated with Thorotrast
- (c) Chronic wounds and tumors after injection of Thorotrast
- (d) Wound-healing error hypothesis for radiation carcinogenesis
- (e) Wound repair
- (f) Wound-healing milieu as an endogenous tumor inducer
- (g) Chronic wound healing as an endogenous cause of radiation-induced cancer
- 6.2.4 Induction of lung cancer by radiation and mustard gas
Chapter 7. Assessment of the Risks of Radiation
7.1 Rational assessment of radiation risks
7.2 Leukemia and radiation
- 7.2.1 Childhood leukemia at Sellafield
- 7.2.2 Causal factors in childhood leukemia
- 7.2.3 Long but limited expression period of leukemia after bombings
- 7.2.4 Shorter expression period of leukemia after x-ray therapy for ankylosing
spondylitis
- 7.2.5 Differentiation arrest in leukemic cells
- 7.2.6 Hematopoietic cell crisis and leukemia in dogs after chronic irradiation
- 7.2.7 ras Mutation and chromosomal aberrations in leukemia in bomb survivors
7.3 Solid tumors and radiation
- 7.3.1 Delayed appearance of solid tumors after bomb irradiation
- 7.3.2 Young children lack special sensitivity to radiation
- 7.3.3 Threshold effects of radiation on carcinogenesis
- 7.3.4 Lesson from APC mutations in stomach cancer
7.4 Tumor-causing mutations and radiation
- 7.4.1 Characteristics of tumor-causing mutations
- 7.4.2 Can radiation induce tumor-causing mutations?
- 7.4.3 Assessment of the carcinogenic risk of low-level radiation
7.5 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
- 7.5.1 The age of molecular epidemiology
- 7.5.2 Sigmoidal response hypothesis for radiation carcinogenesis
Chapter 8 Zen and the Art of Longevity, and Evolution
8.1 The origin of Zen in China
8.2 Zen cherished by the samurai at Kamakura in Japan
8.3 Zen and the art of tea
8.4 Increased longevity of Zen monks and the Zen discipline
8.5 Cancer prevention
- 8.5.1 Guidelines for a healthy diet from the US National Cancer Institute
- 8.5.2 Clinical trials for cancer prevention in the USA
- 8.5.3 Anti-carcinogenic effect of green tea
8.6 Evolution of living organisms in the midst of natural toxins
- 8.6.1 Origin of life and evolution of anti-oxidant defenses
- 8.6.2 Evolution of land plants
- 8.6.3 Evolution and extinction of dinosaurs and the explosive evolution of mammals
- 8.6.4 Defenses against natural toxins
- (a) Adaptive responses to exogenous stressors
- (b) Human defenses against natural radon
- (c) Defenses against ionizing radiation and toxic oxygen
- (d) Defenses against natural pesticides
- (e) Conclusion
Epilogue Author index Subject
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